Physics Follies: Post-Game Forensics

Introduction
In a series of publications from 2015 to 2020 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8], binary mechanics (BM) won the century-long physics grand championship race [9] by deriving the measured values of so-called "fundamental" physical constants from a new set of postulates, asserting full quantization of space, time and energy [10] replacing the now obsolete theory that space, time and energy are continuous. The losers were dozens of famous physicists, including many Nobel Prize winners, principal investigators in big-money grants and prominent social media influencers, and national labs such as Fermilab and CERN with multi-millions in annual government funding [11].

Quantum Technology Advance

Abstract
Transition from the quantum mechanics (QM) wave function to the binary mechanics (BM) bit function is inevitable. The wave function wrongly assumes that physical events at multiple points occur at a single point and events may occur at points in space and time that do not exist, due to belief that space and time are continuous rather than quantized. The wave function also fails to adequately represent physical events in the network of concurrent and countercurrent spot unit components of the BM spot cube spatial lattice. Historically, technologies that work have been generally adopted even before underlying physics is fully understood. The "follow the money" rule leads directly to exponential increase in BM technology usage, which improves spatial and temporal resolution by multiple orders of magnitude (Fig. 1), required for continuing progress in industries working at increasingly microscopic "nanotechnology" scales, attracting both physicists and capital investment.

Fig. 1: Increased Spatial and Temporal Resolution

How to Derive the Primary and Secondary Physical Constants

[Updated: Aug. 24, 2025]
Abstract
A frequently asked question is, "How did binary mechanics (BM) derive the primary and secondary physical constants?" A true derivation of a "fundamental constant" value is based on first principles alone, without any use of other fundamental constants, which are really unexplained measurements. First, measured values of the so-called fundamental constants were reverse engineered to obtain values for the BM primary constants based on full quantization of energy, space and time, expressed in kg, meters and seconds respectively, which map directly to the SI units of measurement used in science. Second, the primary constant values, dubbed the Keene scale, were used to calculate the measured values of the previously unexplained secondary or "fundamental" constants.

Fig. 1: Physical Constant Derivation Highlights

Binary Mechanics Equations

Let's try to understand more about binary mechanics (BM) by looking at its equations [1]. Fig. 1 shows the only mathematics needed are three binary logic ideas. A three year old child already knows them because these three math ideas are built into understanding and speaking language. The first of these three ideas is the one digit binary number, zero or one, yes or no, full or empty. Second is AND logic. Its truth table determines if "Jack and Jill went up the hill" is true. If Jack went up the hill is true and Jill went up the hill is true, then the AND function ouput is one, namely that both Jack and Jill went up the hill. Any other combination is not true. The third idea is NOT logic. If we have a zero, we make it a one; if we have a one input, we make it a zero out. So you don't need math based on continuous Space-Time Theory using real numbers for every point in space and time popular in the failed Standard Model math formulations [2] which at best can only approximate physical events [3] and which look terrible (Fig. 1, lower).

Fig. 1: Three Math Ideas Can Build Fully Functional Universe

Law of Motion Based on Mechanism of Motion

Abstract
The three-quanta threshold for particle formation [1] and the mechanism of particle motion [2] are reviewed showing how these discoveries provided a basis for a new law of motion in physics [3].

Road to the Law of Motion
In 1994, the "Binary Mechanics" paper presented full quantization of energy, space and time, with equations for system state and its time development, without input from, or use of, any "unexplained measurements", wrongly known as "fundamental constants". "Binary Mechanics" (BM) was published in JBinMech in 2010 [4].
Fig. 1: Electron Cycle

Physicists Had A Chance And They Blew It

Editorial
The first-ever derivation of so-called fundamental constants from first principles of quantum theory [1] was a historic event. The first of over 90 papers on binary mechanics appeared in 2010 in JBinMech. But the first paper deriving Planck's constant h was not published until 2015. So physicists around the world had some five years to win the century-long physics grand championship race. A major missed opportunity. They had a chance and they blew it. Instead, Binary Mechanics Lab (BML) crossed the finish line and won the greatest race in physics in over 100 years [2].

Table 1: Unexplained Measurements Wrongly Called "Fundamental Constants"

Memes For Physicists II

Memes continue to appear on bulletin boards at Binary Mechanics Lab (BML).

Fig. 1: General Relativity Excluded; Binary Mechanics Included

Binary Mechanics FAQ

[Updated: June 19, 2020]
How is binary mechanics different from quantum mechanics (QM)?
Legacy QM and General Relativity (GR) utilize continuous space-time theory, while binary mechanics (BM) [1] quantizes both space and time leading to definition of fundamental length L and time T constants. Recall that Planck's constant is an energy-time product (Jsec), not energy quantization per se. BM quantized energy as a 1-state bit (energy quanta) in a size L bit locus cube, expressed as M in kg. In short, BM quantizes the three units of measurement (Fig. 1 from [2]) and defines the system state bit function as a spatial pattern of 1- and 0-state bits [3].

Further, with space-time-energy quantization, infinitesimal time-evolution operators in legacy QM -- e.g., Standard Model (SM) math -- are not applicable since only integer increments are allowed. Hence, four bit operations [4] were based on a pair of relativistic Dirac spinor equations of opposite handedness including electromagnetic field components (Fig. 3 from [5]). In sum, both system state and time-development in BM is full QM, while SM math is partial QM. BM is complete QM, while SM math is incomplete QM.

Fig. 1: Century-Long Race Finish: Derivation of Constants From First Principles

Hurricane Hits Physics

Abstract and Introduction
On Sept. 18, 2017, Cat 5 hurricane Maria destroyed Binary Mechanics Lab (BML), located in the Commonwealth of Dominica in the Caribbean West Indies windward islands. just as BML was emerging as the leading fundamental physics lab in the world (see e.g. [1] [2] [3]). For over six months, BML had no utility-supplied electric power and internet. At present, BML has been largely rebuilt. This article reviews upcoming BML activities, including research publications and software.

Fig. 1: Getting Started: Bit Function Analysis

Quantization Asymmetry

Quantization asymmetry has been defined as physical theories at the atomic and nuclear levels that quantize almost everything except space and time [1]. The continuous space-time assumption in classical and Standard Model (SM) physics and in General Relativity (GR) presently has no known justification other than tradition and superstition. Binary mechanics (BM) [2] may be seen as an instance of quantization asymmetry breaking, so to speak, since it implements quantization symmetry. In 2010, publication of the postulates of BM and some of their consequences began a transition in physics from quantization asymmetry to symmetry. This article outlines some major headlines in this developing story that has impact in virtually all sub-specialities in physics.

Fig. 1: What Death of a Theory Looks Like

Bell Inequality Violation Myth Debunked

The myth that Bell inequality violation establishes superluminal causality is debunked. Entanglement experiments designed to demonstrate non-local effects apparently all rely on Bell's theorem also known as the Bell inequality. However, Bell himself stated, "There is a way to escape the inference of superluminal speeds and spooky action at a distance. But it involves absolute determinism in the universe..." (ref. 5 in [1]). Therefore, according to Bell, the exact time-development laws called bit operations [2] [3] [4] in binary mechanics (BM) [5] prevent particle entanglement experiments from demonstrating non-local "spooky action at a distance". This inescapable conclusion debunks the myth that the Bell inequality can be used in entanglement experiments to demonstrate superluminal effects and implies that quantum mechanics (QM) assumptions that system time-evolution is fundamentally probabilistic (not exact) are questionable. In short, use of the Bell inequality in entanglement experiments acts to establish that legacy QM formalism has been hopelessly flawed, no doubt including the unjustified assumption of continuous space-time.
Fig. 1: Unintended Result Surprises Investigators

Legend: Believers in superliminal causality face their worst nightmare, caught in the headlights of binary mechanics.

Polchinski's "New Normal" Physics

In the last 48 hours, physicist Joseph Polchinski -- noted for string theory work including two textbooks -- revealed what may be the "new normal" in science, namely, good questions and verifiable facts are to be deleted and banned. His behavior took me completely by surprise. As background, several years ago I wrote: "String theories may turn out to be one of the strongest factors favoring the acceptance of quantized space and time as postulated in [binary mechanics] BM, according to the 'when all else fails...' rule" [1]. Now noted string theorist Polchinski appears to reveal a sort of totalitarianism in physics today. In sum, at least one string theory practitioner may have significant anti-science issues.

Fig. 1: Keene's Initial Comment and Polchinski's Second Reply
Legend: Note four replies -- two from Keene and two from Polchinski.

Physics Standard Model Forensics

Let us play detective and do some physics Standard Model (SM) forensics. The main research question is the mystery of the paucity of basic progress in physics for some six decades. This is our crime scene, so to speak, and we seek some clues concerning how about two generations of physicists could be fooled into an almost religious belief in continuous space-time. Our journey has three parts: first, reminder on the definition of a geometric point; second, the delta function of the great physicist Paul Dirac; and third, usage of this nonsensical math in the current physics SM.

Higgs Boson Buries Standard Model?

Abstract and Introduction
Contrary to common belief, work on the Higgs field and boson [1] may be a significant nail in the coffin for the Standard Model (SM) in physics. The scalar Higgs field may in fact describe adjacent pairs of spot units which implement the strong bit operation ("strong force") in binary mechanics (BM) [2]. With the discovery of the central baryon bit cycle [3], this binary definition of the strong force is the basis for quark confinement. Observed particle motion requires 1-state bit emission from one baryon cycle with subsequent absorption by another cycle. The Higgs boson may represent one or more instances of strong force scattering which confines 1-state bits in cycles and thereby prevents particle motion. Recall that particle mass, as the force/acceleration ratio, describes the inverse of the likelihood of such particle motion. The so-called Higgs mechanism is said to confer mass on fermion particles, a concept apparently equivalent to confinement of 1-state bits in cycles. This speculative article steps through this process and discusses some consequences, namely diminished SM and enhanced BM credibility.

Non-Zero Proton Electric Dipole Moment

Proton electric dipole moment (EDM) d_p equals 8.534265E-32 ecm, calculated from positions of charged 1-state bits in the central baryon bit cycle [1] model of the proton [2] (Fig. 1), elementary charge e and the estimated fundamental length d [3] based on binary mechanics (BM) postulates [4] and nucleon scattering data [5]. This d_p is deemed to be accurate to at least 7 digits based on (1) the CODATA accuracy for elementary charge e, (2) the integer position coordinates are exact, (3) the assumption that the charges are centered on the coordinate grid shown and (4) only one 1-state bit circulating in the central baryon bit cycle. The BM prediction of zero electron EDM has been confirmed by observations conducted by two independent labs deemed to be reliable [6]. The present non-zero proton EDM result is consistent with all experimental measurements to date [7] and is discussed regarding P and T symmetry issues.

Fig. 1: Electric Charge Positions in Central Baryon Bit Cycle

Legend: Centers (0 - 4) of bit loci (approx. 0.6 fm cubes of quantized space) viewed from the XY plane and rotated 90 degrees, the YZ plane, showing charge densities -- positive: red (2), light red and orange (1) and negative: yellow (2), light yellow and orange (1).

Fundamental Forces In Physics

This report (1) updates and discusses how the fundamental bit operations of binary mechanics (BM) [1] relate to conventional concepts of fundamental forces in physics (Table 1) and (2) adds a term to the equations for electromagnetic forces (scalar and vector bit operations) to further formalize their consistency with Special Relativity (Table 2). As a result, the three BM bit operations -- scalar, vector and strong -- are seen to depend on three similar binary values -- source 1-state bit, a potential, and destination 0-state bit.

Table 1: Fundamental forces: previous vs BM

Physics News: Faster Than Light

The physics world has been aroused from a long intellectual slumber by the report from CERN investigators that some muon neutrinos may travel faster than the speed of light [1], possibly violating an essential premise of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Confirmation and hopefully replication of this result would lend support for the long-standing prediction of binary mechanics (BM) [2] that absolute maximum velocity at the single bit level is substantially greater than the observed speed of light (e.g., [3] [4] [5]). Consequences of this BM prediction might result in a number of situations in which apparent faster-than-light motion could be observable.

Physics Glossary

The theory of binary mechanics (BM) [1] quantizes space and time. As a result, many familiar physics principles and phenomena are explained at a new level of detail and redefined to some extent. Hence, a physics glossary may be a useful guide.

As a physical theory, or more specifically a theory of everything or grand unification, BM has no known competition by the key criterion of simplicity or parsimony [2]. The universe is proposed to consist of a single fundamental object called the spot unit which consists of two binary bits -- mite and lite. The spot unit must contain mechanisms including to set its bit states to one or zero according to the fundamental bit operations of BM and to attach to other spot units to form spots (3 spot units) and spot cubes (8 spots), which in turn form a cubic spatial lattice [3].

Captives in a Binary Mechanical Universe

As implications of the assumptions or postulates of binary mechanics (BM)[1] are explored [2] [3] [4], priority tasks include determination of fundamental constants such as the BM distance unit d in meters and time (tick) unit t in seconds, derivation of other fundamental values such as the proton-electron rest mass ratio and generally, experimental verification that BM postulates and bit operations are both consistent with well-known physical observations (e.g., extremely long life-time of protons and electrons) and indeed provide very low level explanations of these phenomena. This article discusses some issues which may be relevant to successful completion of these goals including a number of BM predictions which may make or break BM as a physical theory.