A frequently asked question is, "How did binary mechanics (BM) derive the primary and secondary physical constants?" A true derivation of a "fundamental constant" value is based on first principles alone, without any use of other fundamental constants, which are really unexplained measurements (Fig. 1). First, measured values of the so-called fundamental constants were reverse engineered to obtain values for the BM primary constants based on full quantization of energy, space and time, expressed in kg, meters and seconds respectively, which map directly to the SI units of measurement used in science. Second, the primary constant values were used to derive the measured values of the previously unexplained secondary or "fundamental" constants.
Appendix A in most physics textbooks is "Fundamental Physics Constants". However, these so-called fundamental constants are really important unexplained data (Fig. 2) [1].
We might use an analogy to a video game in our adventure to derive the primary and secondary physical constants. Thus, Fig. 1 is our "open world" game map.
In the orange area at top, for hundreds of years, even millennia, investigators have based their work on the assumption that energy, space and time are continuous. In its hayday, this assumption spawned classical physics research, special and general relativity and outdated 20th century quantum mechanics (QM). Now this area is becoming a wasteland where quantum physicists refuse to quantize.
In this walk-through, our hero saw the theory that space and time are continuous does not work and left the orange wasteland to venture into the green area of full quantization (Fig. 1) [2]. The first quest is to determine the values for the BM primary constants
Reverse Engineer the Primary Constants
With the postulates that the three most basic units of measurement in physics are each quantized, the obvious question arises: what is the value of each in SI units of kilograms, meters and seconds? In this quest, the unexplained measured values of the so-called fundamental constants provide useful data (Fig. 1, lower).
In Fig. 4, bit velocity V = L / T has the units of length divided by time. Electron rest mass me has the units of energy expressed in kilograms, easily converted to other popular expressions such as Joules or eV. Planck's constant h is based on elemental action A which contains an expression for energy, MeV2, mass times velocity squared, and an expression for time, the BM primary time constant T. In other words, the units for the Planck action constant h are Joules seconds. Likewise, the units of elementary charge e, shown in the elemental (fractional) charge C, are square root of Joules meters.
Theoretical Constraints: BM postulates imply specific limits and/or constraints on possible values.
An easy example is the so-called vacuum speed of light c. Given space modelled as a cubic lattice of spot cubes [2], our unit of energy, the quanta, cannot move in any arbitrary direction. A quanta can enter or exit a spot cube only through one of its six cube faces. In other words, there are only six directions a quanta can move. So for a quanta to move from some arbitary point to another arbitrary point, it usually has to travel one of many zigzag paths to arrive at the destination. With this constraint, bit velocity V = πc (Fig. 4), greater than light speed c. The π factor represents the average quanta travel distance considering the entire set of source and destination points for light signals.
Another constraint is bit function analysis showed that the electron contains three M-type quanta at its ground state (0 Kelvin) [3]. Therefore, to be consistent, the primary energy constant M must be one third of electron rest mass me.
Basic Formulas in physics were applied where applicable.
For example, to obtain the observed value for Planck's constant h, an angular momentum calculation may sum the angular momentum of each quanta as it revolves around the bit cycles for the electron and the proton [4] [5].
Calculated Values must agree with unexplained observed measurements.
Prior to BM, it was not understood why the secondary constants had the particular measured values that were observed (Fig. 1, lower; Fig. 2). However, if the primary constants for energy, length and time are correct, we should be able to calculate the measured or observed values of the secondary constants and these values should all agree.
So far, we're doing pretty good in our venture into the land of full quantization in BM. Our character hasn't had to use any health packs or stim packs because we haven't taken any damage.
We've reversed engineered the secondary constants below to obtain primary constants above (Fig. 1). The next quest is to use the primary constants to calculate the unexplained observed values.
Calculate Unexplained Observed Values
A quick walk-through of this quest may be found in a series of papers in this Journal of Binary Mechanics, which provide calculated values for secondary constants and for other key parameters, such as electric dipole moment (EDM), reported by major labs.
Fine Structure Constant Derivation [6]: With full quantization, α is easily defined as the proportion of M-type quanta (M0) accelerated by electrostatic (S) or magnetic (V) potential events (Fig 6).
Intrinsic Proton Spin Derivation [5] is one of several papers that derived the measured value of Planck's action constant h from analysis of quanta motion in the proton bit cycle (Fig. 7).
Light Speed Derivation [8]: The right or left guns in the BML Simulator may be used to create a light signal by firing quanta into one side of a simulation. The unidirectional speed of light was measured by noting the arrival time of these quanta on the other side of the simulated volume (Fig. 8).
The BML Simulator implements the BM time-development equations [2] [9]. Thus, simply running the Simulator produces a derivation of light speed c based on first principles alone.
Elementary Charge Derivation [10]: At t = 0 in Fig. 9, the distance between two like-charged M-type quanta (black circles) is one primary constant L. If scalar F (eq. 11 in [2]) is true, at t = 1, the distance between the two quanta increases to √2 (red triangle hypotenuse). Thus, the net quanta displacement is √2 - 1, in L units.
Intrinsic Electron Magnetic Moment Derivation [11]: This report derives the measured value of the Bohr magneton in Joules/Tesla units. In physics literature, this value is reckoned to be about two times greater and provides an excellent example of possible calculation error introduced when the outdated theory that space and time are continuous is applied to microscopic events.
Finally, two important particle properties were determined by the spot cube lattice model of space, namely the electron and proton electric dipole moment (EDM) (Fig 4, upper left). If charge is distributed unequally, as in a H2O water molecule, the EDM is positive. Symmetical charge distribution results in a zero EDM.
Zero Electron Electric Dipole Moment [12]: Fig. 10 shows the electron quanta cycle.
Non-Zero Proton Electric Dipole Moment [13]: Unlike the electron, the proton has a positive EDM in agreement with measurements from other labs (Fig. 11).
Discussion
To summarize, guidelines to reverse engineer the unexplained so-caled "fundamental" measurements were used to discover the BM primary constant values (Fig. 1, grey up arrow). To verify the success of this analysis, the unexplained measurements for the secondary constants could all be calculated and accounted for (Fig. 1, grey down arrow).
Several noteworthy themes have emerged. First, the best experimental physicists in the best labs and academic physics departments in the world continue to produce data supporting BM postulates. They do this voluntarily. It is what they do. As a result, however, BML has been able, in effect, to "outsource" research projects to an extensive group of quality personnel and laboratory resources. Second, with calculations based on the outdated theory that space and time are continuous, dramatic errors have been revealed when applied at microscopic scales, as predicted in 2010 [14].
Finally, to continue our game analogy, the present review beats the big boss in the game of deriving primary and secondary constants. The primary constants of BM shown in the green full quantization area of Fig. 1 in our open world have won the game of physics.
References
[1] Keene, J. J. "Fundamental physical constants doctrine" JBinMech October, 2020.
[2] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics postulates" JBinMech November, 2020.
[3] Keene, J. J. "Zero Kelvin particle composition" JBinMech February, 2019.
[4] Keene, J. J. "Proton and electron bit cycles" JBinMech April, 2015.
[5] Keene, J. J. "Intrinsic proton spin derivation" JBinMech December, 2018.
[6] Keene, J. J. "Fine structure constant derivation" JBinMech June, 2020.
[7] Keene, J. J. "BML simulator interface" JBinMech March, 2016.
[8] Keene, J. J. "Light speed derivation" JBinMech February, 2020.
[9] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics equations" JBinMech March, 2025.
[10] Keene, J. J. "Elementary charge derivation" JBinMech June, 2018.
[11] Keene, J. J. "Intrinsic electron magnetic moment derivation" JBinMech February, 2015.
[12] Keene, J. J. "Zero electron electric dipole moment" JBinMech January, 2015.
[13] Keene, J. J. "Non-zero proton electric dipole moment" JBinMech February, 2015.
[14] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics" JBinMech July, 2010.
© 2025 James J Keene
