JBinMech 2025

JBinMech presented how the proton (or hadron) bit cycle forms a "proton network" for atomic nucleus formation. This mechanism may be a "foundational principle in nuclear physics" [1].

Binary Mechanics equations 1-6 define an absolute reference frame required to determine if an object is moving or stationary. With this absolute frame, the mechanism of all particle motion could be studied and defined leading to the Keene law of motion [2].

Next, "Binary mechanics equations" presented further detail featuring their definition of four types of "fields" [3].

A frequently-asked-question was addressed: how the so-called "fundamental constants" (c, e, h, electron rest mass, etc) were reverse engineered to discover the binary mechanics primary constants known as the Keene scale [4].

Transition from the quantum mechanics wave function to the binary mechanics bit function is inevitable [5].

Major research organizations, such as CERN, Fermilab and DARPA, apparently have not yet publically released their "post-game forensics" analyzing why their researchers lost the greatest race in physics in the last 100 years to the previously little-known Binary Mechanics Lab. Thus, the author presented a number of "physics follies" which may have landed them in the losers circle in the century-long physics grand championship race [6].

"Binary mechanics cosmology" is based on the premise that the most complete and comprehensive physical model is the essential starting point for a viable cosmology [7].

References
[1] Keene, J. J. "Proton cycle network: foundational principle in nuclear physics" JBinMech March, 2025.
[2] Keene, J. J. "Law of motion based on mechanism of motion" JBinMech March, 2025.
[3] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics equations" JBinMech March, 2025.
[4] Keene, J. J. "How to derive the primary and secondary physical constants" JBinMech March, 2025.
[5] Keene, J. J. "Quantum technology advance" JBinMech September, 2025.
[6] Keene, J. J. "Physics follies: post-game forensics" JBinMech October, 2025.
[7] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics cosmology" JBinMech December, 2025.

© 2026 James J Keene

Binary Mechanics Cosmology

Introduction
The objective is to create the universe from the equations of a "theory of everything" known as binary mechanics (BM) [1]. BM equations and results from the Binary Mechanics Lab Simulator software, which implements those equations, will be used to create a fully functional universe. The premise is that the most complete and comprehensive physical model is the essential starting point for a viable cosmology. After brief background, the best cosmological model is built step by step, based on this video.

Physics Follies: Post-Game Forensics

Introduction
In a series of publications from 2015 to 2020 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8], binary mechanics (BM) won the century-long physics grand championship race [9] by deriving the measured values of so-called "fundamental" physical constants from a new set of postulates, asserting full quantization of space, time and energy [10] replacing the now obsolete theory that space, time and energy are continuous. The losers were dozens of famous physicists, including many Nobel Prize winners, principal investigators in big-money grants and prominent social media influencers, and national labs such as Fermilab and CERN with multi-millions in annual government funding [11].

Quantum Technology Advance

Abstract
Transition from the quantum mechanics (QM) wave function to the binary mechanics (BM) bit function is inevitable. The wave function wrongly assumes that physical events at multiple points occur at a single point and events may occur at points in space and time that do not exist, due to belief that space and time are continuous rather than quantized. The wave function also fails to adequately represent physical events in the network of concurrent and countercurrent spot unit components of the BM spot cube spatial lattice. Historically, technologies that work have been generally adopted even before underlying physics is fully understood. The "follow the money" rule leads directly to exponential increase in BM technology usage, which improves spatial and temporal resolution by multiple orders of magnitude (Fig. 1), required for continuing progress in industries working at increasingly microscopic "nanotechnology" scales, attracting both physicists and capital investment.

Fig. 1: Increased Spatial and Temporal Resolution

How to Derive the Primary and Secondary Physical Constants

[Updated: Aug. 24, 2025]
Abstract
A frequently asked question is, "How did binary mechanics (BM) derive the primary and secondary physical constants?" A true derivation of a "fundamental constant" value is based on first principles alone, without any use of other fundamental constants, which are really unexplained measurements. First, measured values of the so-called fundamental constants were reverse engineered to obtain values for the BM primary constants based on full quantization of energy, space and time, expressed in kg, meters and seconds respectively, which map directly to the SI units of measurement used in science. Second, the primary constant values, dubbed the Keene scale, were used to calculate the measured values of the previously unexplained secondary or "fundamental" constants.

Fig. 1: Physical Constant Derivation Highlights

Binary Mechanics Equations

Let's try to understand more about binary mechanics (BM) by looking at its equations [1]. Fig. 1 shows the only mathematics needed are three binary logic ideas. A three year old child already knows them because these three math ideas are built into understanding and speaking language. The first of these three ideas is the one digit binary number, zero or one, yes or no, full or empty. Second is AND logic. Its truth table determines if "Jack and Jill went up the hill" is true. If Jack went up the hill is true and Jill went up the hill is true, then the AND function ouput is one, namely that both Jack and Jill went up the hill. Any other combination is not true. The third idea is NOT logic. If we have a zero, we make it a one; if we have a one input, we make it a zero out. So you don't need math based on continuous Space-Time Theory using real numbers for every point in space and time popular in the failed Standard Model math formulations [2] which at best can only approximate physical events [3] and which look terrible (Fig. 1, lower).

Fig. 1: Three Math Ideas Can Build Fully Functional Universe

Law of Motion Based on Mechanism of Motion

Abstract
The three-quanta threshold for particle formation [1] and the mechanism of particle motion [2] are reviewed showing how these discoveries provided a basis for a new law of motion in physics [3].

Road to the Law of Motion
In 1994, the "Binary Mechanics" paper presented full quantization of energy, space and time, with equations for system state and its time development, without input from, or use of, any "unexplained measurements", wrongly known as "fundamental constants". "Binary Mechanics" (BM) was published in JBinMech in 2010 [4].
Fig. 1: Electron Cycle

Proton Cycle Network: Foundational Principle in Nuclear Physics

Abstract and Introduction
How do positively charged protons aggregate in the small volume of an atomic nucleus in apparent contradiction of Coulomb's law that like charges repel? Neutrons in atomic nuclei may increase average distance between protons and partly explain this proton aggregation. Present popular wisdom is that a nuclear force binds protons in atomic nuclei. However, "nuclear force" may be little more than a label for the phenomenon rather than an explanation of it. Based on discoveries of the internal structure of the proton and its real intrinsic spin (Fig. 1) [1] [2] [3] [4], this paper defines a proton cycle network as a foundational principle of nuclear physics.

Fig. 1: Proton Bit Cycle Defines Real Intrinsic Spin

Physicists Had A Chance And They Blew It

Editorial
The first-ever derivation of so-called fundamental constants from first principles of quantum theory [1] was a historic event. The first of over 90 papers on binary mechanics appeared in 2010 in JBinMech. But the first paper deriving Planck's constant h was not published until 2015. So physicists around the world had some five years to win the century-long physics grand championship race. A major missed opportunity. They had a chance and they blew it. Instead, Binary Mechanics Lab (BML) crossed the finish line and won the greatest race in physics in over 100 years [2].

Table 1: Unexplained Measurements Wrongly Called "Fundamental Constants"

Binary Mechanics Postulates

[Updated: Jan 10, 2025]
Abstract and Introduction
In "Binary mechanics", written in 1994 and published in 2010 [1], the eight-component wave function of a pair of relativisitic Dirac spinor equations of opposite handedness was parsed to define the spot cube model of space. With quantization of energy, space and time, dubbed full quantization, the spot cube provided a new system state representation, called the bit function, at a quantized time. With full quantization, infinitesimal increments in the Dirac equation pair were no longer applicable. Hence, time-development of the system state was defined in four bit operations. The postulates of binary mechanics define primary constants from full quantization and the mathematical definitions of the bit function and bit operations [2].

Fig. 1: Spot Cube Model of Space

Fundamental Physical Constants Doctrine

Abstract and Introduction
The fundamental physical constants doctrine hides the failure of popular physical theories including legacy quantum mechanics and both special and general relativity. The so-called "fundamental constants" are in fact the greatest body of unexplained data in physics. The doctrine acts to obscure the now obvious fact that these unexplained observations comprise basic unsolved mysteries in physics. Instead of addressing these basic questions, the doctrine teaches that these observations are essentially a sort of "no-go zone" for theoretical physicists. First, these observations are typically confined to a short Appendix A in physics books, wrongly labelled "fundamental constants" (Fig. 1). Second, "natural units" in basic equations help hide the fact that the measured values of these "constants" remains unexplained although these values are used as "input parameters". Third, accepted interrelationships or dependencies among many of these constants indicate mathematically that they contain redundant information and could not be "fundamental". Finally, binary mechanics is thus far the only comprehensive physical theory to derive the values of the so-called fundamental constants from first principles [1].

Fig. 1: The Greatest Body Of Unexplained Data In Physics

Motion Law: Gravitation Edition

Abstract and Introduction
As a consequence of binary mechanics (BM) fundamentals [1], a motion law states that objects tend to move in the direction of higher vacuum energy density [2]. As background, topics discussed include particles as compositions of multiple quanta, the mechanism of particle movement as a flux of individual quanta [3], the most likely motion direction and the equivalence of the gravitational field within a solid object and a quanta density gradient in its perfect vacuum component [4]. Predictions from this model have been confirmed by experimental results of Alex L Dmitriev et al, reporting weight decease with a (1) heated brass rod, (2) heating a piezo ceramic pile, (3) laser injection in optical fibers and (4) in gyros proportional to spin frequency and with horizontal more than vertical spin axis. The role of temperature in gravity-like effects has now been studied in two broad categories: distant objects not in direct contact and the special case of a weighed object resting on a scale.

Fig. 1: Motion Law At Single Particle Level