Abstract and Introduction
The effect of the time-evolution bit operations on elementary particle states [1] was examined by comparing proportions of spot states for each particle (spot type) with expected proportions based on random distribution of 1-state bits. Results include: 1) reduced probabilities of absolute vacuum and 2) increased probabilities of selected spot states (M and L bit composition) for each particle type, replicating previous findings [2]. That is, the time-development bit operations alter system state (the bit function) by concentrating 1-state M and L bits in selections of specific spot states in each elementary particle (spot type). These data define 1) a specific role of the magnetic force (vector bit operation) in particle differentiation and 2) a possible operational definition of "magnetic monopoles".
Methods and Results
For results shown in Fig. 1, Binary Mechanics Lab Simulator (BMLS) software was used (BMLS free download). The interface (bmls.exe) launched the simulator (hotspot.exe v1.46) and the output *.s file was used for bit function analysis (BFA, bitfun.exe) (Fig. 2). The BFA excluded particle states up to four spots from the six faces of the simulated volume due to doubt about how "physical" that data might be.
Simulated volume was 72x72x72 spots initialized with 0.3 bit density with all particles (spot types) and all bit types (M and L) enabled, RND mode selected and run for 964 Ticks, where a Tick is one cycle of the four bit operations -- unconditional (U), scalar (S), vector (V) and strong (F) in the SUVF order. Previous work has shown that the SUVF bit operations order produced more proton and electron particles, as then operationally defined, at low, threshold bit densities [3] and that this effect was greatest at 0.3 bit density [4]. BMLS RND mode was selected as the best option to maintain a nearly constant bit density. The present data will also be used as the control or baseline condition for comparisons with an experimental condition in a subsequent report "Zero Kelvin Particle States". Run duration of 964 Ticks was used to match the duration of the experimental condition in that upcoming report.
Expected proportions (Random in Fig. 1) were PiQj, where P was the final bit density (approx. 0.3 after 964 Ticks), i was number of 1-state bits in a particle state (a row in Fig. 1), Q was (1 - P) and j was (6 - i), the number of 0-state bits in the state. Observed proportions were tabulated for four antimatter particles -- positron (e+R) and the Left-handed d quarks (drL, dgL and dbL) with red, green and blue color respectively and four matter particles -- electron (e-L) and the Right-handed d quarks (dbR, dgR and drR) with blue, green and red color respectively. The energy content (E in Fig. 1) was the number of 1-state bits in each spot state (rows).
For each X, Y, Z dimension, simulated volume width was 64 spots (Dimension 72 - 8 border spots excluded with 4 on each side). Hence, the analyzed simulated volume contained 262144 spots (64^3), the N for the expected probabilities (Random column in Fig. 1). The proportions for each of the eight spot types (elementary particle columns in Fig. 1) were therefore based on N = 32768 (262144 / 8). The Z value for the difference in expected and observed proportions can then be calculated for each spot state (row in Fig. 1).
For example, for the positron (e+R) in row S = 0 (absolute vacuum), the Z value for a two-sample proportion comparison was about 4.936. Note that this approximate "5 sigma" result was for the smallest difference in proportions (about 9 percent) in the S = 0 spot state row. Thus, the Z values for the proportion increases (green highlights in Fig. 1) showing spot states in effect defining each of the eight particle types would be many multiples greater.
In fact, less stringent "one-sample" Z values are appropriate, since the expected value (Random) is calculated (hypothetical), not sampled per se. Thus, the "5 sigma" result above may be seen as an even more conservative evaluation.
Decreased probability of absolute vacuum was observed for all eight elementary particles (light red highlight in Fig. 1). Selected particles were observed more often than expected (light green highlight in Fig. 1).
E = 1 particle states. In M = 1 rows (S = 1, 4, 16), four particles have increased proportions (light green highlights), about double the expected value: 2 matter Right-handed d quarks, 1 antimatter Left-handed d quark and the electron (e-L). For example, in the S = 1 row, the 2 matter quarks are dbR and drR (blue and red colors respectively), the antimatter quark is dgL (green color) with the electron also with increased probability.
For the L = 1 rows (S = 2, 8, 32), there were also four particles with increased proportions: the positron (e+R), 2 animatter quarks, and 1 matter quark. For example in the S = 2 row, the 2 antimatter quarks are drL and dbL (red and blue colors respectively), the matter quark is dgR (green color) and the positron (e+R).
Notice that for both the M = 1 and L = 1 rows with E = 1, all rows have all three quark colors equally present. The bit operations produce this configuration.
E = 2 particle states. For spot energy level E = 2, in the three spot states with an inertia spot unit (S = 3, 12, 48), all particles (spot types) showed reduced incidence compared to the expected level except the electron (e-L) where the expected and observed probabilities were approximately equal (bold highlight). Further, the two 1-state bits were always in different spot units and three spot state patterns occurred:
1) 2 M In the present data sample, all 2 M spot states have increased probability of a 1-state M bit in the electron spot (e-L) and another in one of the three Right-handed d quark spots (S = 5, 17, 20). All of these spot types (particles) are in the matter category.
2) 2 L All 2 L spot states shows an increased incidence of a 1-state L bit in the positron spot (e+R) and in one of the Left-handed d quark spots (S = 10, 34, 40). All of these are antimatter particles.
3) 1 M, 1 L All 1 M, 1 L spot states (E = 2) showed increased probability of 1 matter and 1 antimatter d quark spot types. Each of the six matter-antimatter d quark pairs (S = 6, 9, 18, 24, 33, 36) had different color. Considering this group of six spot states, quark colors were equally represented.
Discussion
What magnetism does. The present data may clarify what magnetism does. Fig. 3 maps the four bit operations to traditional concepts of forces in legacy physics known as the Standard Model and General Relativity. The 20th century approach to force definition was based on particle interactions and is now obsolete [1] [5]. For example, the so-called weak force has turned out to be a boondoggle [6]. In contrast, binary mechanics (BM) defines three forces -- electrostatic (S, scalar), magnetic (V, vector) and strong (F) based on their associated bit operation with precise mathematical definitions (Fig. 3, lower), where force presence (true/false) is the product (or logical AND) of three binary items: 1-state source bit locus, potential in adjacent bit locus and 0-state destination locus.
Of present interest, note that the legacy electromagnetic force is seen to be a combination of two time-development bit operations -- scalar and vector (Fig. 4).
Further, the electrostatic force acts in concurrent spot unit pairs, which occur only between spot cubes [7], probably the fundamental basis for observed repulsion between like-charged particles. However, the magnetic force acts in countercurrent spot unit pairs, which occur only within spot cubes. That is, the magnetic bit operation (V) affects the phase of 1-state bits in the proton and electron bit cycles [8]. The present data begins to document exactly how these phase changes due to the magnetic force within the spot cube affect elementary particle states. In other words, the magnetic bit operation appears to play a role in creation of the eight elementary particles as may now be defined by specific spot states in the spot cube.
Are 1-state L bits "magnetic monopoles"?
As indicated in Fig. 3, the spatial distribution of plus- and minus-charged 1-state M bits is the electric potential field. The 1-state L bit spatial distribution is the magnetic potential field. These L bits are in the spin 1, "boson" category, while the M bits have been associated with spin 1/2, "fermion" particles [9]. The 1-state L bit may represent the discovery of the magnetic monopole.
The magnetic potential field 1-state L bits have been labeled as photon- or gluon-associated, but these labels have not yet been shown to determine specific physical properties. There may be only one kind of 1-state L bit in terms of measurable physical phenomena. In particular, there has not yet been a distinction among L bits regarding "north" and "south" magnetic pole types.
On the other hand, a major fundamental classification of L bits has been X, Y and Z direction. Hence, at the single L bit level, direction might in fact code a "north-south" magnetic attribute of our newly discovered magnetic monopoles. In any case, if some or all L bits are magnetic monopoles, then the "north-south" attribute of the magnetic potential field might emerge from the 1-state L bit spatial distribution.
References
[1] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics" J. Bin. Mech. July, 2010.
[2] Keene, J. J. "Bit function analysis" J. Bin. Mech. April, 2018.
[3] Keene, J. J. "Matter creation" J. Bin. Mech. May, 2016.
[4] Keene, J. J. "Matter creation sequel" J. Bin. Mech. May, 2016.
[5] Keene, J. J. "Fundamental forces in physics" J. Bin. Mech. October, 2014.
[6] Keene, J. J. "Weak force boondoggle" J. Bin. Mech. January, 2016.
[7] Keene, J. J. "Physical interpretation of binary mechanical space" J. Bin. Mech. February, 2011.
[8] Keene, J. J. "Proton and electron bit cycles" J. Bin. Mech. April, 2015.
[9] Keene, J. J. "Particle up-down spin and quantized time parity" J. Bin. Mech. January, 2015.
© 2018 James J Keene
