Physical Interpretation of Binary Mechanical Space

Updated: May 31, 2001
Computer simulation of the time development of states (bit patterns) in binary mechanics (BM)[1] requires a physical interpretation of its quantized space. As shown in Fig. 1, let us view a spot unit as two cubes with side length d, a BM fundamental constant, one each for the mite bit (black circles) and the lite bit (black arrows). A spot is thought to consist of three perpendicular spot units.
Fig. 1: Spot 111 Electron
In a previous report [2], the figures illustrated spots as points in three dimensional space with integer coordinates. In the electron spot (Fig. 1), the direction of unconditional bit motion is shown by the direction of the lite bits (black arrows). A tick, another fundamental BM constant, is defined as the time t for one bit to move one unit of distance d. Thus, if a bit moves in a particular tick, its velocity v is d/t. There are only two possible velocities -- v or zero when a bit does not move in a particular tick. If a potential exists, the bit will move if the destination site is empty -- namely, its bit value equals zero. All the binary mechanical forces (unconditional, strong, scalar and vector) follow this rule which stipulates that any location can contain only one bit (mite or lite).

The direction of the strong force, which allows bit motion between dimensions X, Y and Z, is shown by the white arrows.

Use of the term "strong force" is but one of many points which may confuse readers. BM uses terminology from modern physics, but the exact meaning may be different. In BM, "strong force" is presently the only interdimensional bit motion and is important to understand both the electron and baryons, such as the proton, composed of quarks. Indeed, the internal structure, if you will, of the electron is one of the significant results of BM.

A major issue which readers have raised is when BM studies will be published in refereed physics journals. The answer is simple: when I believe its veracity myself. This requires results of computer simulation experiments which are consistent with well known physical observations. The next paper in this venue will introduce the computer simulation software and provide a number of encouraging results. At this time, a number of permutations of equations published previously [1] have been tested toward this end. Meanwhile, the present venue provides a more informal means to publish progress.

Notice that electron spots will tend to capture incoming bits since bits always scatter (white arrows) in a direction to cycle a bit within the spot. If the destination locus is already occupied, then there is no strong potential, and the lite bit can then exit the electron spot in the subsequent unconditional motion tick.

As an example, consider the lite bit in the X dimension. If the mite bit in the Y dimension is empty, then there is a strong potential and this lite bit will scatter (white arrow) to the mite locus in the Y dimension. Otherwise, in the next unconditional motion tick, that lite bit will exit the electron spot and become a mite bit in the spot 011 quark.

Assuming the BM forces do not occur simultaneously, one can consider a repeated four tick sequence, one tick each for unconditional, strong, scalar and vector bit motion. Simulation results can be dramatically different for different order of application of these forces. This assumption ensures that in any tick, a bit may move no more than distance d.

A spot occupies a 2d cube, of which only six bits are defined. That is, each bit is thought to reside in a 1d sub-cube of this 2d cube. The function of the two void 1d sub-cubes is not yet defined. However, for computing values such as bit density, the 2d cube volume for a spot is presently used.

Finally, each of the six bit locations provide a set of X, Y and Z coordinates that can be used to calculate angular momentum -- the intrinsic spin of the spot.

A major BM issue is "what is a single electron?" At present there are several alternatives. (1) A single bit in an electron spot is an electron, because over many ticks, it can occupy all three mite locations in the spot. (2) An electron is two or three mites in a single electron spot which then define possible particle thresholds. We might then postulate that an electron is only observable by scientists if two (or three) mites are present. If so, what is the significance of one mite in an electron spot? Have we just defined what dark matter is?

What about extra lites in an electron spot? A good guess might be that these contribute to increased energy levels for the particular electron. But that is only three photonic lites. Well, there are many additional energy levels when we consider that lites exiting the electron spot may in some sense still belong to that spot since they would naturally influence nearby spots.

Fig. 2: Spot 000 Positron
The positron spot (Fig. 2) presents a markedly different picture. First, mites scatter to lites, whereas in the electron spot lites scatter to mites. Further, all three lites are out-going -- namely, in the next unconditional motion tick, any positron lite bits will exit the positron spot to quark spots. Another difference is that when lites exit an electron spot, by definition as described above, the electron's energy state is elevated from its base state, and the destination spots are all right-handed d quark spots, which are thought to be building blocks for protons. This may well be considered as a new result of BM, that electrons play a key role in proton creation.

It might also be of interest that matter -- electron mites -- most immediately transfer bits to matter -- proton constituents. Likewise, the antimatter positron bits, when leaving a positron spot arrive at the antimatter left-handed d quark spots.

This comparison of the electron and positron spots readily explains the asymmetry which confounds physics -- why more matter than antimatter in the universe. At this point, electron spots clearly tend to collect and hold bits and therefore electrons are much more likely to exist than positrons which tend to disperse their bits.Fig. 3: Spot Cube
Fig. 3 shows the spot cube where the electron spot is not visible in the viewpoint shown. The grey spot is the positron and the rest are red, green and blue quarks. The left-handed antimatter quark spots are to the right, left and below the positron spots, which may help visualize that any lite exiting a positron spot enters a left-handed antimatter quark.

The strong, vector and scalar potentials are based on specific bit gradiants over distance d. The present physical interpretation of spots (Fig. 3) was chosen, in part, because parallel concurrent and countercurrent spot units [1] are adjacent at distance d when assembled into a spot cube.

The next paper will introduce the computer simulation software using this physical interpretation of BM space and present some results consistent with observations that matter is more prevalent than antimatter, both for leptons and for quarks.

References
[1] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics" July, 2010.
[2] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics electron, positron and proton" July, 2010.
© 2010 James J Keene