Spot Unit Components Of Elementary Particles

Abstract. Space quantization has revealed how the eight elementary particles in the Standard Model in particle physics and quantum mechanics (QM) may be accounted for by spatial structures containing binary bits. Key properties of these eight particles (Table 1) have been derived from the postulates of binary mechanics (BM) [1] and a physical interpretation of quantized space [2] consisting of a lattice of spot cubes (Fig. 1). This report announces the finding that the eight elementary particles may arise from only four types of a more fundamental object called the spot unit.
Fig. 1: Spot Cube

A Law of Motion

Several consequences of the postulates of binary mechanics (BM) [1] may be summarized in a basic physics law of motion, namely that objects tend to move in the direction of higher bit density. Fig. 1 illustrates this idea for one spatial dimension.

Fig. 1: A Law of Motion

This working hypothesis of a fundamental law of motion in physics is applicable for objects ranging from elementary particles to astronomical objects such as planets and entire galaxies. This note reviews some results and logic supporting this hypothesis.

Gravity Looses Primary Force Status

Binary mechanics (BM) [1] depreciates gravity from a primary force with the working hypothesis that observed gravity effects are the result of the four fundamental bit operations -- unconditional, scalar, vector and strong. This article presents observations supporting this hypothesis.

It was found that acceleration of two bodies toward each other depended on a higher bit density between the two bodies than in other directions around the bodies. Further, attraction of two bodies conventionally described as gravity required a minimum bit density in the space between the bodies.

Discussion of these results suggests that space-time curvature, such as postulated in the General Theory of Relativity by Einstein is not required to explain gravity or other related observations, and indeed, probably does not even exist in the absence of data requiring it.

Vacuum Thresholds

Updated: April 22, 2011
An absolute vacuum in binary mechanics (BM) [1] is a volume with all bits in the zero state, whereas the conventionally defined perfect vacuum only requires the absence of particles such as ions or atoms. A recent report simulated the 84 tick central baryon bit cycle by introducing a single bit in the one state in an absolute vacuum [2]. Thus, the existence of elementary particles thought to consist of two or more bits in each of one or more spots [3] (e.g., the one-spot electron [4]) in an otherwise near absolute vacuum is consistent with the basic laws of BM.

The present study added bits to the vacuum in perturbation steps. Results suggest key thresholds for physical processes, such as absorption, emission, lepton formation and baryon formation. A step toward calibration of BM absolute maximum temperature in degrees Kelvin is discussed.

Maximum Temperature Below Half Maximum Bit Density

Updated: April 19, 2011
Binary mechanics (BM) [1] has predicted [2] that increased temperature is correlated with BM bit density over a wide range and a definite physical limitation on how high temperature could rise. In short, maximum possible temperature was predicted. A further speculation was that maximum possible temperature is attained below maximum bit density at which one might imagine that particle motion is less than the maximum possible, per considerations similar to those applicable in classical statistical mechanics. The present pilot study confirms these predictions based on data obtained with BM simulation software [3].

Captives in a Binary Mechanical Universe

As implications of the assumptions or postulates of binary mechanics (BM)[1] are explored [2] [3] [4], priority tasks include determination of fundamental constants such as the BM distance unit d in meters and time (tick) unit t in seconds, derivation of other fundamental values such as the proton-electron rest mass ratio and generally, experimental verification that BM postulates and bit operations are both consistent with well-known physical observations (e.g., extremely long life-time of protons and electrons) and indeed provide very low level explanations of these phenomena. This article discusses some issues which may be relevant to successful completion of these goals including a number of BM predictions which may make or break BM as a physical theory.

Binary Mechanics Simulator Updated

Updated: May 24, 2011
A new version of the binary mechanics (BM)[1] simulation software -- HotSpot 1.26 -- has been released and is available as a free download here. New features will be summarized, along with comments on data shown in this screen-shot:Fig. 1: 40x40x40 Default Experiment

Binary Mechanics Simulation Software

Computer software to simulate the time development of binary mechanics [1] states has produced some encouraging results consistent with well-known physics. The program to be presented was originally written as a console program for 16-bit computers in 1994 and recently ported to HotBasic, which is faster than C language variants (C, C+, C++, etc). Any initial state may be used and its development over time observed. Fig. 1 shows mite and lite bits exploding from an initial state of all bits set for maximum bit density in a sphere with a radius of 8 spots.
Fig. 1: Solid View of "Exploding Sphere"

Physical Interpretation of Binary Mechanical Space

Updated Jan 26, 2016
Computer simulation of the time development of states (bit patterns) in binary mechanics (BM) [1] requires a physical interpretation of its quantized space. As shown in Fig. 1, let us view a spot unit as two cubes with side length d, a BM fundamental constant, one each for the fermion mite bit (M, circle) and the boson lite bit (L, arrow).

Fig. 1: 2-Bit Spot Unit

Binary Mechanics

Editor's note: This original paper on binary mechanics might now be mostly of historical interest. For a more succinct text on Part 1: Theory of Binary Mechanics, the reader might best start with the more recent "Binary Mechanics Postulates".

by James J Keene PhD

email: jamesjkeene@gmail.com
© 1994-2020 James J Keene

[Updated: Nov. 2, 2020]
Abstract
Binary mechanics (BM) used a pair of relativistic Dirac spinor equations of opposite handedness to guide quantization of space and time into binary bit loci in a cubic lattice restricted to zero or one states. The exact time development of this BM state vector is determined by the four bit operations -- unconditional, scalar, vector and strong -- applied sequentially, one each in a quantized time unit.