The proton (hadron) bit cycle was rendered in a 3D animation illustrating features of the binary mechanics (BM) model of space [1] [2] and proton structure, discovered in 2011 [3] [4] and used in the first-ever derivation of Planck's constant from first principles of quantum theory in 2018 [5].
Legend: Spheres, 42 bit loci in matter d quark (dark red, green, blue), anti-matter d quark (light red, green, blue) and positron (grey) spot types. Brown bars, route of quanta in the proton cycle. Axis lines, X (blue), Y (pink) and Z (white) intersect at center of "home" spot cube, where the spin axis is approximately perpendicular to the page plane in this perspective.
Background
BM describes consequences of full quantization of energy, space and time which comprise the units of measurement in physics (mass, length and time).
The BM model of space is a cubic lattice of a spatial object named the spot cube [2] (Fig. 2). The spot cube contains 48 bit loci of size L, where L is the primary length constant [6]. There are two types of bit locus, M (white circles) and L (white arrows). A bit locus may be in the 1-state (an energy quanta) or 0-state (empty). That is, a quanta describes a bit locus in the 1-state.
Application of the time-development laws of BM [1] results in circular quanta motion in the electron spot (Fig. 2, left, yellow) defining the electron bit cycle [4]. The spin axis is the solid diagonal of the spot cube between the electron and positron spots perpendicular to the spin plane (and figure page plane). This angular momentum in the electron spot was used in the first-ever derivation of Planck's constant from first principles of quantum theory in 2015 [5].
The proton (hadron) bit cycle [4] was discovered in 2011 [3] (Figs. 1 and 3) and was used in a second derivation of Planck's constant from first principles in 2018 [5]. The electron and proton bit cycles share the same spin axis.
The proton cycle is more complex than the electron cycle. For example, the proton cycle contains 42 bit loci compared to only 6 in the electron cycle.
The time-development laws consist of four bit operations. When enabled, the strong bit operation "captures" quanta in circular motion in a proton or electron bit cycle. When disabled, as described previously [7], quanta can exit the electron or proton cycle by action of the unconditional bit operation [8].
Proton Structure
A left click on Fig. 1 should launch a 3D depiction of the proton bit cycle.
Fig. 2 (left) and Fig. 3 illustrate spatial distribution of bit loci from approximately the same perspective. Several comparisons of these two illustrations are noteworthy.
1. Non-Spherical Proton Structure. The proton bit cycle predicts a non-spherical proton structure, which has been independently confirmed by proton scattering data [9].
Illustrating the non-spherical proton shape, Fig. 3 highlights three groups of four bit loci each located outside the home spot cube where most of the bit loci are located. Each of these groups of loci reside in a neighboring spot cube, and appear to provide a route for excess quanta in the home cube to populate adjacent spot cubes. This aspect of proton structure may be a central, foundational principle in nucleus formation where Z > 1.
2. Inside The Proton Bit Cycle. It is perhaps remarkable that the center of the proton bit cycle appears to be empty.
First, the electron bit loci shown in yellow in Fig. 2 are absent. However, if the electron spot loci are populated with a sufficient number of quanta, the object may then be designated as a neutron.
Second, the positron spot loci are also absent. In Fig. 3, the present report further illustrates that the positron loci in the proton bit cycle are located outside the "home spot cube" in three separate spot units (a pair of M and L loci in Fig. 2 and the grey loci in Fig. 3). One may then ask what may be happening in the positron spot loci in the home spot cube which are not used in its proton bit cycle. Each spot unit in that home cube positron spot is part of a proton bit cycle in one of three adjacent spot cubes. In short, the opportunities to share quanta among proton cycles in adjacent spot cubes is further increased by this structural feature, which favors formation of nucleons adjacent to existing nucleons.
Third, note that two of three spot units in each antimatter quark spot (light red, green and blue) are located within the home spot cube, and the remaining spot unit is located in the non-spherical "protrusions" into adjacent spot cubes shown in Fig. 3.
Fourth, note that the corners of the spots at each vertex in the spot cube are empty (Fig. 2) -- no defined bit locus according to BM postulates. Hence, there is a 2x2x2 volume (not visible in Fig. 2) in the center of each spot cube which is undefined in terms of functional bit loci. One might say that the proton bit cycle includes bit loci around an empty volume of space centered in its home spot cube.
Discussion
Nearly a decade after the 2011 discovery of the proton bit cycle, quantum chromodynamic (QCD) investigators are still going around in circles, getting nowhere. Even Wired [10], in an article reprinted from Quanta Magazine, has high-lighted the mysteries and problems in QCD work, and apparently a prize was offered for a credible solution on proton structure and dynamics. But, alas, these authors are about one decade too late after the proton cycle discovery in 2011.
It is not difficult to identify the continuing problem with QCD, namely use of the wrong mathematical tools. Sad truth is that when the dust settles, physicists have been using math tools which are not effective and applicable. Let's agree that math tools are necessary to formalize a comprehensive physical theory. But work in legacy quantum mechanics has failed to make hardly any break-through whatsoever in many decades, because it has been wedded to math tools unable to even represent (1) system state with both position and momentum simultaneously and (2) a comprehensive account of its time-development. It is as if they say, "Boss, I can't get this nail driven into this piece of wood and I'm using totally professional tools -- a tape measure, a hack saw and a screw driver." Then we say, "No wonder you're failing; wrong tools; you need to use a hammer." In this case, the "hammer" is AND and NOT logic as required to express time-development laws when quantum theory is updated with full quantization.
References
[1] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics" JBinMech July, 2010.
[2] Keene, J. J. "Physical interpretation of binary mechanical space" JBinMech February, 2011.
[3] Keene, J. J. "The central baryon bit cycle" JBinMech March, 2011.
[4] Keene, J. J. "Proton and electron bit cycles" JBinMech April, 2015.
[5] Keene, J. J. "Intrinsic proton spin derivation" JBinMech December, 2018.
[6] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics FAQ" JBinMech August, 2018.
[7] Keene, J. J. "Strong operation disabled by inertia" JBinMech March, 2011.
[8] Keene, J. J. "Particle flux and motion" JBinMech May, 2018.
[9] Keene, J. J. "Non-spherical proton shape" JBinMech February, 2015.
[10] Wired.com, "What goes on in a proton? Quark math still needs answers" Reprinted form Quanta Magazine, 2020.
© 2020 James J Keene
