Inertial Propulsion may be described as conversion of angular momentum to linear momentum thus violating Newton’s mechanics in which these momentum types are separately conserved [1]. For example, Eric Laithwaite [2] and others have demonstrated translation motion of a gyro only when spinning called “precession”, as well as apparent levitation. Unlike Newton’s mechanics, the time-development laws of binary mechanics (BM) [3] [4] do not specifically require separate conservation of angular and linear momentum. However, energy (1-state bits called quanta) is conserved in BM. In fact, the BM time-development laws produce quanta motion alternating routinely between circular motion and translation and are the mechanism of inertial propulsion.
Legend: 3 spot units in electron spot (yellow). Centers of M and L bit loci size L cubes (white circles/arrows respectively) are equidistant from, and orthogonal to, the spin axis (grey circle) which is a spot cube solid diagonal (orthogonal to the spin and page planes).
Electron Bit Cycle
Fig. 1 shows the spatial object named the spot cube. A cubic lattice of spot cubes is the BM model of space [5]. The spot cube contains 48 bit loci of size L, where L is the primary length constant [4]. There are two types of bit locus, M (white circles) and L (white arrows). A bit locus may be in the 1-state (an energy quanta) or 0-state (empty).
Application of the time-development laws of BM [3] results in circular quanta motion in the electron spot (yellow) shown by the purple circle with arrows. The spin axis (grey circle) is a solid diagonal of the spot cube perpendicular to the spin plane. This angular momentum in the electron spot was used in the first-ever derivation of Planck's constant from first principles [6].
The time-development laws consist of four bit operations. When enabled, the strong bit operation "captures" quanta in the circular motion in the electron spot. When disabled, as described previously [7], quanta can exit the electron cycle (black arrows in Fig. 1) by action of the unconditional bit operation [8]. These transitions from circular motion to translations (angular to linear momentum) shown by the black arrows in Fig. 1 are expressed as three P vectors in Table 1. The column sums of the P vectors is {-1,-1,-1}, indicating that the "average translation" direction is exactly along the spot cube solid diagonal spin axis, suggesting precession away from the electron spot and toward the positron spot (not visible in Fig. 1).
Legend: Bit type: M, mite; L, lite; P, photonic L. Spot: particle label, electron (e-L where L denotes left-handed). Vectors: X, bit locus position; A, position on spin axis vector; T, position after translation; P = T - X, i = 1, 2, 3, translation direction.
Proton (Hadron) Bit Cycle
The proton (hadron) bit cycle was discovered in 2011 [9] and was used in a second derivation of Planck's constant from first principles in 2018 [6]. The proton cycle is more complex than the electron cycle (Fig. 2). For example, the proton cycle contains 42 bit loci compared to only 6 in the electron cycle.
Legend: Six 1-state bit positions in electron cycle (yellow). 42 1-state bit positions in proton cycle. Matter d quarks (dark red, green, blue); anti-matter d quarks (light red, green, blue). Positron positions (grey). Purple arrows indicate bit motion direction and results of the strong bit operation.
As with the electron bit cycle, a quanta in the proton bit cycle returns to its initial position if undisturbed thereby describing a cycle. This phenomenon has been called "quanta capture". The proton cycle is the basis for "color confinement" in particle physics.
In the present analysis of inertial propulsion mechanisms, a new phenomenon in the proton bit cycle was discovered (Fig. 2, orange arrows). Specifically, the orange arrows in Fig. 2 indicate "shortcut" transitions from one bit locus in the cycle to another, skipping the "normal" route (following the purple arrows).
Every change in quanta location in the proton cycle may be viewed as a "phase change". Thus, we can define two types of phase change. (1) the small changes when following the purple arrow route which amount to a motion of one primary length constant L per time interval. (2) In contrast, the orange arrows indicate a "major phase change", also occurring over the same distance in the same time interval, in effect "jumping" forward within the cycle. Perhaps the major phase changes play a role in inertial propulsion effects.
As with the black arrow translations of quanta exiting electron spots discussed above, the blue arrows show possible quanta transitions exiting the proton bit cycle. However, as tabulated in Table 2, there is no net precession direction in these translations.
On the other hand, the grey arrows indicate exit from three different positron spot units. That is, the column sums of the P vectors in Table 2 show exactly the opposite precession directions seen in the electron cycle (Table 1). The precession effects may be entirely due to lepton components: electron or positron. In addition, observed net precession in spinning gyro devices may reflect different probabilities of quanta translation from electrons versus positrons. For example, all else equal, translation from an electron cycle is seven times more likely then translation from the positron components of the proton cycle, comparing the number of bit locations in each cycle type.
Legend: Tick: Sequence number of a cycle of 4 bit operations over 4T; u, unconditional bit operation. Bit type: M, mite; L, lite; P, photonic L; G, gluonic L. Spot: particle label, e.g., Right-handed red d quark (drR). *, spot units outside "home" spot cube. Vectors: X, bit locus position; A, position on spin axis vector; T, position after translation; P = T - X, i = 1, 2, 3, translation direction.
Discussion
This report provides further examples that the BM time-development laws produce quanta motion alternating routinely between circular motion (in electron and proton bit cycles) and translation (in quanta motion from one cycle to another). In brief, these laws are the mechanism of inertial propulsion and have precise mathematical definition [10].
Specifically, gyro device precession appears to result from synchronization of circular motion of quanta in multiple bit cycles. The more cycles synchronized, the greater the gyro device size and its precession.
The BM model of space (spot cube lattice) specifies a fixed direction reference (the bit cycle spin axis). If this anisotropy is confirmed by observations and/or experiments, science would then have an “absolute” spatial direction reference.
The Binary Mechanics Lab Simulator has been used to demonstrate several translation (precession) effects evident in inertial propulsion devices [Keene, in preparation].
References
[1] Allen, Jr., D. P. “Foundations of Gutschian Mechanics", Amazon, ISBN-9781712051009, 2019
[2] Laithwaite, E. "Gyroscopic primer by Prof Eric Laithwaite" YouTube, 1974.
[3] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics" JBinMech July, 2010.
[4] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics FAQ" JBinMech August, 2018.
[5] Keene, J. J. "Physical interpretation of binary mechanical space" JBinMech February, 2011.
[6] Keene, J. J. "Intrinsic proton spin derivation" JBinMech December, 2018.
[7] Keene, J. J. "Strong operation disabled by inertia" JBinMech March, 2011.
[8] Keene, J. J. "Particle flux and motion" JBinMech May, 2018.
[9] Keene, J. J. "The central baryon bit cycle" JBinMech March, 2011.
[10] Keene, J. J. "Fundamental forces in physics" JBinMech October, 2014.
© 2020 James J Keene
