As a consequence of binary mechanics (BM) fundamentals [1], a motion law states that objects tend to move in the direction of higher vacuum energy density [2]. As background, topics discussed include particles as compositions of multiple quanta, the mechanism of particle movement as a flux of individual quanta [3], the most likely motion direction and the equivalence of the gravitational field within a solid object and a quanta density gradient in its perfect vacuum component [4]. Predictions from this model have been confirmed by experimental results of Alex L Dmitriev et al, reporting weight decease with a (1) heated brass rod, (2) heating a piezo ceramic pile, (3) laser injection in optical fibers and (4) in gyros proportional to spin frequency and with horizontal more than vertical spin axis. The role of temperature in gravity-like effects has now been studied in two broad categories: distant objects not in direct contact and the special case of a weighed object resting on a scale.
Background
How Particles Move. Classically, a particle is thought to be a discrete object which is thought to change position (i.e., move). In contrast, in BM, particles such as electrons and protons are compositions of 1-state bits called quanta. Consider a particle composition definition that requires a minimum of three quanta in a spatial location (Fig. 1, yellow). In this view, a particle "moves" between time t = 0 and time t = 1 when quanta are lost (emitted) from its t = 0 location and quanta are gained (absorbed) at a t = 1 location. In short, the only "discrete objects" moving are individual quanta in the overall particle motion mechanism [3].
Most Likely Motion Direction. The motion law specifies which direction of motion is most likely, "all else being equal", which pertains to the relatively weak effect we call "gravity". That direction is the one with greater quanta density at t = 0. If quanta can move in any direction, particles (locations with three quanta) are most likely to form in the direction that has greater quanta density at t = 0. In short, the "gravitational field" is actually a quanta density gradient.
Gravitational Field Within Weighed Object. Fig. 2 shows the gravitational potential vector is equivalent to a quanta density gradient (grey arrow) pointing down toward a scale weighing a solid object X. Particles in X, everything from nucleons, electrons to atoms and molecules, occupy only a fraction of the volume of object X. That is, most of the volume of X, both within and between atoms, is perfect vacuum classically depicted as "empty space". However, this so-called empty space is actually teaming with quanta [4] forming a quanta density gradient similar to that outside of X, perhaps of somewhat decreased magnitude due to "disruption" by particle motion in X. In summary, the gravitation field inside a solid object approximates the field around it.
Predictions Confirmed By Experimental Results
The working hypothesis that the gravitational field is equivalent to a quanta density gradient within and around an object predicts experimental results in a series of experiments by Alex L Dmitriev and colleagues, reporting reduced measured weights of objects under various experimental conditions.
1. Heated Brass Rod. Higher temperature increases particle motion. The resulting "mixing effect" would be expected to further diminish the quanta gradient (aka gravitational field) within the weighed object, decreasing the probability that its particles would move down toward the scale compared to motion in other directions. Hence, temperature increase predicts reduced measured weight.
Confirming this prediction, Dmitriev et al reported ultrasonic heating of a brass bar reduced its measured weight (Fig. 3) [5].
2. Heating Piezo Ceramic Pile. Fig. 4 shows a gradual decrease in the weight of a piezo ceramic assembly during a relatively small temperature increase [6]. Further, the weight loss is sustained as the sample is held at the higher temperature.
In this study with a different sample and heating method, weight was reduced as predicted with increased temperature. Dmitriev and Nikushchenko describe the result as a negative temperature dependence of gravitational force. The BM working hypothesis is that increased temperature of a sample reduces the quanta density gradient within it.
3. Laser In Optical Fiber. Figs. 5 and 6 show reduced optical fiber weight during injection of laser light [7].
As with temperature increase, laser light in optical fibers would be predicted to diminish the quanta density gradient in the perfect vacuum portion of the fibers' volume. Indeed, the coherence of laser light might be expected to be particularly effective in "erasing", so to speak, the quanta density gradient in the fibers equivalent to the gravitational field.
4. Rotors and Gyros. Two identical gyros were housed in a sealed container. With power applied, the gyros spin in opposite directions so the net angular momentum in the container was thought to approximate zero. Then, the gyro power was switched off and the measured weight was followed over time as rotation frequency decreased to zero (Fig. 7). Two important results in this study by Dmitriev and Snegov [8] may further confirm the BM hypothesis that the quanta density gradient within an object accounts for measured weight.
First, increased gyro rotation frequency would be expected to produce greater disruption by a "mixing effect" of the quanta density gradient within the weighed object, resulting in reduced measured weight.
Second, the weight reduction in the spinning pair of gyros was measured in two orientations with respect to the scale: vertical and horizontal rotation axis orientation. The BM hypothesis predicts the horizontal rotor axis orientation would weigh less than the vertical axis orientation, which is exactly what was found [Dmitriev, A. L., personal communication, 2020].
Consider a container of oil paint that has not been opened in a long time. Hence, the pigment particles have settled toward the bottom and mixing is required to obtain a consistent distribution of pigment in the paint. Mixing with a vertical motion axis with a right-left mixer motion is much less effective than mixing with an up-and-down motion to bring concentrated pigment from the bottom to the top, which corresponds to the horizontal orientation of the gyros.
Discussion
Studies on the role of temperature in gravity-like effects may be summarized in two broad categories: (1) distant objects not in direct physical contact and (2) the special case where a weighed object rests on a scale.
1. Distant Objects. Earth and moon appear to follow the motion law according to the discovery that surface temperature increases gravitational force [9]. In that situation, increased surface temperature is thought to result in more IR radiation consisting of quanta from an object (such as the moon) and therefore the moon will tend to move in the direction of the resulting greater quanta density toward earth at full moon when moon surface temperature facing earth is greatest.
Analysis of data from the GRACE twin satellites showed that about 50% of the variance the so-called gravitational force measurements were nothing more than ocean surface temperature [10], calling into question the origin of the other half of the variance -- just noise or garbage or what. With these results, the General Relativity wizards who designed the GRACE satellites (and the GRAIL project, too) might not be recently showing their faces at NASA.
The Casimir plate experiment with increased attraction with increased temperature is another example of two objects not in direct contact [11]. In the distance plot shown in a video [12], an equilibrium is attained (no more plate distance decrease) where the electrostatic repulsion appears to equal the attraction, at which point the two plates may be deemed to be "in contact" (cannot move closer).
2. Two Objects In Contact. The Dmitriev et al findings of a "negative temperature" effect on weight is a special case where two objects (the weighed object and the scale) are in contact. That is, the object is resting on the scale. In this situation, the BM hypothesis states that a decreased quanta density gradient in objects treated with heat, laser light or spinning gyro rotors results in less particle momentum delivered to the scale below, corresponding to the observed weight decreases.
Motion Law Based On Motion Mechanism. As typical in the physics community, Dmitriev et al do not propose a mechanism of motion. Instead, they appear to rely on expressions such as those from Newton which describe motion and its measurement results, but do not offer a physical model of how objects move which is a central question for physicists. As an important fundamental contribution, they state that their work demonstrates a difference between inertial and gravitational mass -- a violation of the equivalence principle in General Relativity.
On the other hand, without a model of how objects move, analysis of gravity-like effects is handicapped. That is, the motion mechanism itself is a "black box" in the considerations. In that "black box" is the motion mechanism and all we can say is that we measure some motion, but can't go much further since "how things move" is in the "black box".
BM may open the black box with its motion law, namely that objects tend to move in the direction of greater quanta density. This statement is based on the BM definition of what a particle is, namely an aggregation of a number of quanta. Thus, as quanta radiate from an object above 0 Kelvin, quanta density outside the object increases. The greatest increase is between two such objects. If new quanta are added to a volume of greater quanta density, it is more likely "particles" (requiring multiple quanta counts) will form compared to a volume of lesser quanta density (Fig. 1).
Consider a single proton or electron. It "moves" by losing quanta in its current location and adding quanta to an adjacent location, in a sense, forming a new particle. The most likely adjacent location is the one which already has a greater quanta density. Thus, particles tend to move toward volumes with greater quanta density. In short, such quanta movements may give the "appearance" of particle motion when particle position is assessed at more macroscopic levels.
References
[1] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics" JBinMech July, 2010.
[2] Keene, J. J. "A law of motion" JBinMech September, 2011.
[3] Keene, J. J. "Particle flux and motion" JBinMech May, 2018.
[4] Keene, J. J. "Vacuum composition" JBinMech December, 2019.
[5] Dmitriev, A. L., E. M. Nikushchenko and V. S. Snegov. Measurement Techiques, Volume 46, No. 2, pp. 115-120, 2003.
[6] Dmitriev, A. L. and E. M. Nikushchenko "Experimental confirmation of the gravitation force negative temperature dependence" arXiv: 1105, 266v1 (General Physics), 2011.
[7] Dmitriev, A. L., V. S. Snegov, Yu. I. Kamenshih and N. N. Chesnokov "Change in the weight of optical fiber under the impact of laser radiation" International Journal of Advanced Research in Physical Science (IJARPS) Volume 5, Issue 4, pp 1-4, 2018.
[8] Dmitriev, A. L. and V. S. Snegov "Weighing of the Mechanical Gyros with Horizontal and Vertical Orientations of Axis of Rotation," Izmeritelnaja Tekhnika, 8, 33 – 35, (in Russian), 2001.
[9] Keene, J. J. "Gravity increased by lunar surface temperature differential" JBinMech August, 2011.
[10] Keene, J. J. "GRACE: gravity surface temperature dependence" JBinMech February, 2016.
[11] Obrecht, J. M., R. J. Wild, M. Antezza, L. P. Pitaevskii, S. Stringari, and E. A. Cornell "Measurement of the temperature dependence of the Casimir-Polder force" PhysRevLett 98, 063201 February, 2007.
[12] Keene, J. J. "Quantum gravity mechanisms" Bitchute, 2019.
© 2020 James J Keene
