Assertions that perfect vacuum and almost all of the volume of a single atom are "empty space" are questionable. In a replication of a previous simulation experiment [1] with additional analysis, perfect vacuum was defined as total energy density minus electron and nucleon particle density. Examining the entire range of non-zero energy quanta (1-state bit) densities, only about 12 percent or less of the quanta were associated with particles, indicating that perfect vacuum was composed of about 88 percent or more of quanta in the final state after cooling (Figs. 1 and 2). Threshold energy density for baryogenesis (nucleon formation) was 0.07 of maximum. In higher energy density initial states in the plasma and lepton-quark soup ranges, "explosive" centrifugal momentum leaves much lower particle and vacuum energy densities after cooling, which may be relevant to expanding universe questions.
Methods
Similar to methods reported previously [1] [2], the Binary Mechanics Lab Simulator (BMLS) v2.5 [3] simulated a 72x72x72 spot volume [4] with Vacuum mode (Box and Rnd modes off) and Expt. 9. In Vacuum mode, energy radiating from the simulated volume (Outbits in .cvs output file) was lost as if this volume was located in absolute vacuum and quanta could exit but not reenter the simulated volume. Thus, initial quanta (1-state bit) density in the simulated volume gradually decreased to a final density (Fig. 1). In Expt. 9, the final density was defined by a consecutive sequence of BMLS Ticks equal to the simulated volume spot dimension (Dim = 72) with zero Outbits, which terminates the run. Outbits may represent particles in motion or electromagnetic (EM) radiation leaving the simulated volume. When this process completes, the system state (bit function) in the simulated volume is deemed to have "cooled" to zero degrees Kelvin.
Vacuum density (ρvacuum) was
ρvacuum = ρfinal - ρparticles (1)
where
ρparticles = (Nelectrons * {electron count} + Nprotons * {proton count}) / Nbit_loci (2)
with Nelectrons = 3 and Nprotons = 9 (or 3 * 3 right-handed d quarks) based on previous work [5] and Nbit_loci = 2239488 (or 48 loci per spot cube * number of spot cubes in simulated volume). With Dim = 72, the number of spot cubes = 723 / 8 = 46656 where 8 is the number of spots per cube.
The quanta count values for Nelectrons = 3 and Nprotons = 9 based on zero Kelvin "ground state" particle composition are at present best estimates [5] rather than well-settled issues. Fortunately, some variation of these quanta values used to define particles does not substantially affect major results reported or conclusions discussed.
Results
In Fig. 1, Initial Density was the randomly-seeded starting proportion of bit loci in the 1-state each bit representing a single energy quanta. After cooling, the Final density was defined by zero quanta radiated from the simulated volume and by zero particle translational motion [2]. The area labelled "Particles" is the estimated quanta density for particles based on Final electron and nucleon counts. The area labelled "Vacuum" estimates energy density of perfect vacuum defined as the final density minus the particle density (eqs 1 and 2).
For perspective, the energy density range from absolute vacuum to maximum possible density is parsed into plasma and lepton-quark soup segments [6] and previously observed proton-electron mass ratio at about 0.25 density [7].
Examining the entire range of non-zero energy quanta (1-state bit) densities, only about 12 percent or less of the quanta were associated with particles (Fig. 1), indicating that perfect vacuum was composed of about 88 percent or more of the quanta in the final state after cooling (Fig. 2, %Vacuum).
At 0.25 initial density (observed proton mass) and below, 10 percent or less of the initial quanta density is lost during the cooling process (Fig. 2, %Kinetic). At higher initial densities up to maximum, the percent of initial state quanta lost during cooling steadily increases to about 95%.
Fig. 3 shows the proton count (including both protons and neutrons) as a function of initial quanta density. From this data, Fig. 4 highlights the threshold density for baryogenesis [8] [9] at 0.07 quanta density (Fig 1, Proton threshold).
Discussion
Good-Bye To Empty Space Model. This report debunks the myth that perfect vacuum and almost all of the volume of a single atom are "empty space". Instead, the data suggest that "empty space" is literally teaming with energy quanta, even at zero Kelvin, specifically about 88% or more of final state quanta is perfect vacuum energy content (Fig. 2, %Vacuum).
This energy content after cooling amounts to about 21% of maximum possible density (Fig. 1, Vacuum) at initial densities above the observed proton mass level (0.25) and below the plasma level (0.60). Hence, the "empty space" model of perfect vacuum can claim that some 79% (100% - 21%) of bit loci are in the 0-state (neutrino bits) and might be described as "empty". Nonetheless, the present data appear to be inconsistent with the empty space model of perfect vacuum and to lend support for the notion that perfect vacuum at temperatures above zero Kelvin may act as a "sea" of virtual particles.
In the present context, the empty space model of perfect vacuum might seem rather naive. This report illustrates how space-time-energy quantization in binary mechanics (full quantum mechanics) may provide unprecedented methods for quantitative study of partial and perfect vacuum components of a system state.
When Things Explode. When the BMLS is run in "Vacuum Mode", initial state energy density content is not contained. At the substantial higher initial densities in the plasma and lepton-quark soup ranges, the cooling process begins with impressive "explosion" or "blast" events where quanta are forcefully extruded from the simulated volume. As a result, when cooling reaches zero Kelvin, both nucleon particle density (Fig. 3) and overall particle and perfect vacuum densities (Fig. 1) were found to be much less than observed in the lower 0.25 to 0.60 initial density range. Further, in the highest energy lepton-quark soup range, there was greater reduction in both particle and vacuum final densities compared to the plasma initial density range. The time-course of these explosive events may be documented by plotting the Outbits vs Tick variables in BMLS *.csv output files.
Expanding Universe Questions. The reduced final state particle and vacuum densities from plasma and lepton-quark soup initial states may pertain to expanding universe questions [10]. For example, massive explosions such as supernova may result in vast volumes with reduced particle and vacuum densities compared to, say, other regions of outer space, much less near STP (standard temperature pressure) laboratory environments. First, light speed appears to be affected by quanta density (another victory of space-time-energy quantization) [11]. Second, the high quanta content of perfect vacuum, approximately 88% of final state quanta (Fig. 2), may pertain to dark matter speculations. Third, huge volumes with reduced quanta density in outer space could have significant implications regarding assessment of gravitational effects pertinent to expanding universe questions and galaxy formation [9]. Finally, recall that volumes with lower vacuum energy densities would eventually "normalize" by absorption of incoming quanta, captured by electron and proton bit cycles.
References
[1] Keene, J. J. "Matter creation sequel" JBinMech May, 2016.
[2] Keene, J. J. "Zero degrees Kelvin" JBinMech January, 2016.
[3] Keene, J. J. "Binary Mechanics Lab Simulator update" JBinMech December, 2015.
[4] Keene, J. J. "Physical interpretation of binary mechanical space" JBinMech February, 2011.
[5] Keene, J. J. "Zero Kelvin particle composition" JBinMech February, 2019.
[6] Keene, J. J. "Elementary particle energies" JBinMech April, 2015.
[7] Keene, J. J. "Proton-electron mass ratio derivation" JBinMech April, 2018.
[8] Keene, J. J. "Baryogenesis" JBinMech May, 2011.
[9] Keene, J. J. "Quantum gravity mechanisms" JBinMech March, 2019.
[10] Keene, J. J. "Expanding universe questions" JBinMech April, 2015.
[11] Keene, J. J. "LIGO gravity wave mechanism" JBinMech April, 2016.
© 2019 James J Keene
