Spot Unit Components Of Elementary Particles

Abstract. Space quantization has revealed how the eight elementary particles in the Standard Model in particle physics and quantum mechanics (QM) may be accounted for by spatial structures containing binary bits. Key properties of these eight particles (Table 1) have been derived from the postulates of binary mechanics (BM) [1] and a physical interpretation of quantized space [2] consisting of a lattice of spot cubes (Fig. 1). This report announces the finding that the eight elementary particles may arise from only four types of a more fundamental object called the spot unit.
Fig. 1: Spot Cube

Fundamental Forces In Physics

This report (1) updates and discusses how the fundamental bit operations of binary mechanics (BM) [1] relate to conventional concepts of fundamental forces in physics (Table 1) and (2) adds a term to the equations for electromagnetic forces (scalar and vector bit operations) to further formalize their consistency with Special Relativity (Table 2). As a result, the three BM bit operations -- scalar, vector and strong -- are seen to depend on three similar binary values -- source 1-state bit, a potential, and destination 0-state bit.

Table 1: Fundamental forces: previous vs BM

Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Mechanism

Matter and antimatter particles are thought to be composed of one or more of eight basic or "elementary" particles listed in the columns of Table 1 (partly from Table 1 in [1]).

Table 1: Spot Cube Data

In Table 1, four of these particles are matter (green) and the other four are antimatter (pink). However, widely accepted observations indicate that the known universe is composed almost completely of matter and that antimatter is very scarce. This situation is called "matter-antimatter asymmetry" which many physicists consider to be a major unsolved mystery. This report tries a solution to this problem by introducing data which reveals a real-time mechanism causing this asymmetry. Table 1 shows the 1-state bit transitions due to the strong bit operation (Fx, Fy, Fz) [2]. These values were summed for the mite counts before and after the strong bit operation for each elementary particle leading to the discovery that the strong bit operation increases mite count for matter particles and decreases mite count for antimatter particles. This paper presents the derivation and some implications of this finding.

Physics News: Gravity Game-Changer

Gravity has been viewed as a primary force by physicists for over a century. As the theory of binary mechanics (BM) [1] developed, the author assumed that gravitation would take its place among the primary forces which generally corresponded to four discrete bit operations -- unconditional, electromagnetic (scalar and vector) and strong, determining the time-development of a physical system. Hence, the initial assumption was that gravity would have its own bit operation to bring the total to five operators on BM states. However, simulation experiments produced gravity-like effects without postulation of any additional gravity-related bit operation, a result that strongly suggested that gravity was not a primary force at all.

Gravitation looses primary force status
In these experiments [2], the initial state consisted of two bodies (volumes with higher 1-state bit densities than surrounding space). Then the four postulated BM bit operations were applied repeatedly, while observing changes in the system. Acceleration of the two bodies toward each other was found and appeared to depend on a higher bit density between the two bodies than in other directions around the bodies. This conclusion was readily observed. Each body radiated 1-state bits to its lower density surroundings. Obviously, the space between the objects would develop a higher 1-state bit density than any other direction.