Spot Unit Components Of Elementary Particles

Abstract. Space quantization has revealed how the eight elementary particles in the Standard Model in particle physics and quantum mechanics (QM) may be accounted for by spatial structures containing binary bits. Key properties of these eight particles (Table 1) have been derived from the postulates of binary mechanics (BM) [1] and a physical interpretation of quantized space [2] consisting of a lattice of spot cubes (Fig. 1). This report announces the finding that the eight elementary particles may arise from only four types of a more fundamental object called the spot unit.
Fig. 1: Spot Cube

Fundamental Forces In Physics

This report (1) updates and discusses how the fundamental bit operations of binary mechanics (BM) [1] relate to conventional concepts of fundamental forces in physics (Table 1) and (2) adds a term to the equations for electromagnetic forces (scalar and vector bit operations) to further formalize their consistency with Special Relativity (Table 2). As a result, the three BM bit operations -- scalar, vector and strong -- are seen to depend on three similar binary values -- source 1-state bit, a potential, and destination 0-state bit.

Table 1: Fundamental forces: previous vs BM

Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Mechanism

Matter and antimatter particles are thought to be composed of one or more of eight basic or "elementary" particles listed in the columns of Table 1 (partly from Table 1 in [1]).

Table 1: Spot Cube Data

In Table 1, four of these particles are matter (green) and the other four are antimatter (pink). However, widely accepted observations indicate that the known universe is composed almost completely of matter and that antimatter is very scarce. This situation is called "matter-antimatter asymmetry" which many physicists consider to be a major unsolved mystery. This report tries a solution to this problem by introducing data which reveals a real-time mechanism causing this asymmetry. Table 1 shows the 1-state bit transitions due to the strong bit operation (Fx, Fy, Fz) [2]. These values were summed for the mite counts before and after the strong bit operation for each elementary particle leading to the discovery that the strong bit operation increases mite count for matter particles and decreases mite count for antimatter particles. This paper presents the derivation and some implications of this finding.

Physics News: Gravity Game-Changer

Gravity has been viewed as a primary force by physicists for over a century. As the theory of binary mechanics (BM) [1] developed, the author assumed that gravitation would take its place among the primary forces which generally corresponded to four discrete bit operations -- unconditional, electromagnetic (scalar and vector) and strong, determining the time-development of a physical system. Hence, the initial assumption was that gravity would have its own bit operation to bring the total to five operators on BM states. However, simulation experiments produced gravity-like effects without postulation of any additional gravity-related bit operation, a result that strongly suggested that gravity was not a primary force at all.

Gravitation looses primary force status
In these experiments [2], the initial state consisted of two bodies (volumes with higher 1-state bit densities than surrounding space). Then the four postulated BM bit operations were applied repeatedly, while observing changes in the system. Acceleration of the two bodies toward each other was found and appeared to depend on a higher bit density between the two bodies than in other directions around the bodies. This conclusion was readily observed. Each body radiated 1-state bits to its lower density surroundings. Obviously, the space between the objects would develop a higher 1-state bit density than any other direction.

JBinMech 2014

"Physics News: Gravity Game-Changer"
From 2011 to 2014, the author was waiting for a number of peer-reviewed physics journals, such as PhysRevD, to review and hopefully publish his 2011 lunar laser ranging study on the effect of surface temperature on earth-moon gravitation, which appeared to obviously exclude General Relativity. This paper was submitted to an ample number of journal editors. All except one refused to even formally review the paper; one returned comments from reviewers who appeared to be incompetent in the subject matter. Thus, the author wrote his own review in the "gravity game-changer" paper.

At some point, the author might disclose the names of this list of peer-reviewed journals, all losers in the finish declared in 2018 of the century-long physics grand championship race to derive fundamental constants from first principles.

"Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Mechanism"
Binary mechanics (BM) postulates were used to document a major puzzle piece, if not a complete solution, to the so-called matter-antimatter asymmetry mystery, no doubt while some losing labs in the greatest race in physics in 100 years continue to the present to justify research funding in search of a solution.

"Fundamental Forces In Physics"
Mathematical definitions of fundamental forces based on BM were presented, replacing the out-dated, 20th century custom of defining forces based on observed particle interactions -- a more primitive approach lacking scientific discipline.

"Spot Unit Components Of Elementary Particles"
A spot unit consists of two adjacent size L spatial cubes, where L is the BM primary length constant. One spot unit cube is a M bit locus; the other, a L bit locus, where M and L bits are restricted to 0 or 1 values to quantize energy. 1-state M or L bits represent energy quanta, an essential tool for quantitative analysis of energy. M and L bit state was defined as the quantized absolute value of the x and y components in complex amplitudes used in quantum mechanics -- sign(x)abs(x) + isgn(y)abs(y) -- in the framing of BM postulates from a pair of Dirac spinor equations of opposite handedness.

A spot is a spatial assembly of three spot units, one in each X, Y and Z direction in quantized space. There were only eight different spot types, which corresponded to eight and only eight elementary particles. The longer list in the Standard Model are all one of these eight or compositions of them.

This paper defined hypothetical sub-components of spot units thought to be required for the time-development bit operations to function. Continuing application of the four bit operations to the system state (bit function) of the universe is what keeps our world humming along as it does. This information was used to analyze the minimum number of spot unit types required to assemble the eight different elementary particles.

The result was that only four spot unit types were required implying that all particles are composed of just four types of spatial elements called spot units. Even better, two pairs of the four types were almost identical except for just one sub-component position. Hence, one might say that only two types of spot units account for all observed matter and antimatter, each type with two "variations". These are the smallest spatial objects known in physics.

The number 2 appears again -- the number of allowed M or L bit states: 0 or 1. Yes, it's a binary universe, folks.