Abstract and Introduction
Binary mechanics (BM) predicts the exact composition of protons and neutrons with maximum energy content but zero motion at zero degrees Kelvin. In this configuration, sequential loci in the proton and electron bit cycles are filled with alternating 0- and 1-state bits (Figs. 2 and 4) because zero motion requires absence of adjacent energy quanta pairs in the cycle sequence. Bit function analysis of particle composition after cooling to zero Kelvin completely confirms this hypothesis (Fig. 3). Results further illustrate how bit function analysis methodology may continue to support the leading position of Binary Mechanics Lab (BML) in advanced particle physics research.
Background
The legacy quantum mechanics (QM) wave function was upgraded to the BM bit function [1] [2]. First, complex amplitudes in the wave function were parsed to define M (mite) and L (lite) bits where M, L = 0, 1 to quantize energy (Fig. 1). Next, with space quantization, M and L bits were defined to each occupy a size L spatial cube where L is the BM primary length constant [3]. Since the abs(x) and abs(y) components of the complex amplitude have the same real number position coordinate in legacy QM, the spot unit was defined consisting of two adjacent loci for the M and L bits.
As a result, where space is not quantized, a fundamental defect in partial QM became apparent, namely that events which may occur at different physical locations in the spot unit are wrongly said to occur at the same location in the complex amplitude treatment (e.g., Standard Model math), based on now obsolete continuous space-time theory. Hence, BM may be said to be a partial-to-full QM upgrade.
Second, three spot units may be aligned along X, Y and Z axes to form a spot. Finally, eight elementary particles in a spot cube were derived from binary permutations of three complex amplitude values: abs(x), abs(y) position swap in a spot unit and two sign values: sgn(x), sgn(y) = +1, -1 (see Table 1 in [1]).
Bit loci in the spot cube participate in one of two bit cycles: proton and election [4]. The neutron "home spot cube" may contain both proton and electron energy quanta. Of four time-development bit operations (S, scalar; V, vector; F, strong; U, unconditional), the strong and unconditional operations confine quanta to cycle in the proton or electron bit cycles. The proton bit cycle -- the basis for color confinement -- contains 42 bit loci. Hence, the simple "proton" descriptor encompasses 242 different possible hadron states and many resonances.
The "potential" for the strong operation is absence of inertia p where p = ML and M, L = 0, 1 [5]. That is, if the M and L bits of a spot unit are both 1-state, the strong operation is blocked and an energy quanta will be emitted from one bit cycle and absorbed by another in the next unconditional bit operation. This emission-absorption sequence is the physical basis for all particle motion [6].
For the electron bit cycle with predicted maximum energy, all M bit loci are 1-state and all L bit loci are 0-state (black circles and blue triangles respectively in Fig. 2 upper). In this stable state, the unconditional bit operation shifts M bits to L loci and the strong bit operation scatters L bits to M loci (purple arrows).
If any L locus is also 1-state, inertia in that spot unit will be true (p = 1), blocking the strong operation and the electron spot will emit an energy quanta in the next unconditional bit operation, returning to the stable state shown after the strong bit operation. Fig. 2 lower lists further details.
In the absorption process during the unconditional bit operation, the M bit shifts to the L locus and a L bit in an "input" spot unit outside the electron spot may shift into the M locus, producing inertia p = 1. In this scenario, the strong operation is disabled, resulting in almost immediate emission of a quanta from the electron spot in the next unconditional operation.
This electron spot state would appear "dark" if located in a low bit density region with reduced absorption probability, as discussed previously regarding "dark matter" [7].
Methods and Results
Electron Cycle. Predicted electron cycle state was compared with observed states with data from a previous study where a system was cooled to zero Kelvin [8] by running the Binary Mechanics Lab Simulator in vacuum mode where 1-state bits leaving the simulated volume were not replaced. Therefore, the system state cooled to zero Kelvin and zero particle motion enabling enumeration of the defining, fundamental particle "ground" states presumably without presence of kinetic energy or radiation components.
As expected, there were no particle states with inertia p = 1 (Fig. 3). In the row labeled S = 21 with energy content E = 3 (3 1-state bits), the observed "3M" configuration was exactly as predicted (Fig. 2).
Proton Cycle. Fig. 4 lists the predicted proton bit cycle composition at zero Kelvin maximum energy which perfectly matched the observed configurations.
Among the matter d quark spots, rows S = 22, 25 and 37 in Fig. 3 show a 2M, 1L bit function, exactly as predicted in Fig. 4. For example, for drR, two M bits and one L bit were predicted to be in the 1-state after application of the four time-development bit operations, which was the observed bit function for that particle. The observed 2L, 1M configuration of the three antimatter d quarks in rows S = 26, 38 and 41 also matches the predicted bit functions. Finally, the positron spot in row S = 42 in Fig. 3 perfectly matches the predicted values.
Zero Kelvin Maximum Energy Particle Composition. Fig. 5 illustrates the spatial distribution of the maximum possible number of energy quanta (black loci) at zero Kelvin for the eight elementary particles (Fig. 1) tabulated in Fig. 3. The definition and number of elementary particles was based on a pair of relativistic Dirac spinor equations of opposite handedness [1]. Note that M bits (circles) are most prominent in matter particles while L bit (arrows) incidence is greater for antimatter particles. In this stable, but maximum energy state at zero Kelvin, no vector bit operation events would occur since wherever a M bit is 1-state, the adjacent L bit in the countercurrent spot unit is 0-state, and visa versa.
Discussion
Methodology. The present results further illustrate the utility of bit function analysis methodology in advanced particle physics research [9]. The complete agreement between hypothesized (Figs. 2 and 4) and observed (Fig. 3) bit functions lends continued support of the veracity of BM postulates and specifically the first-ever description of electron, proton and neutron composition by a coherent, comprehensive physical theory.
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) has presented vague versions of the proton made of various quarks said to be bound together by gluons, limited by failure to quantize space, as mentioned above. In comparison, the description of particle composition at the maximum possible resolution of the single 1- or 0-state bit in the present report comprises a major advance.
This more precise description required cooling to zero Kelvin because the bit function can simultaneously represent both position and momentum information -- a major advance from the legacy QM wave function. In addition, this methodology provides a some 10,000,000x increase in time resolution compared to current attosecond level capability in experimental physics. Hence, future work might well use these methods to study particle acceleration up to light speed and high energy particle collisions. Such research might exactly enumerate high energy particle physics events at the sites where they occur -- a vast improvement over current (primitive) practice at the LHC where investigators attempt to deduce collision events and products based on data from distant sensors processed with assumptions which might at times be questionable.
Statistical and Scientific Significance. The probability that these results might be due to chance alone equals the probability of correct coin flip calls in 48 of 48 trials (42 and 6 bit loci in proton and electron bit cycles respectively). On the other hand, one might argue that some dependence exists between the predicted and observed results since both arise from a basic set of BM postulates. In this view, then, the reported results pertain more to scientific significance, demonstrating two routes to the same conclusions. First, logical analysis of absorption-emission events in the proton and electron bit cycles produced the predicted bit functions. Second, application of the time-development bit operations sequence during cooling of a simulated volume produced the observed bit functions, identical to the predicted ones. Hence, the scientific significance of the present report may lie in this demonstrated consistency of full energy-space-time quantization.
Hidden in Plain Sight. This study provides further marked contrast with out-dated QED and QCD work. Examples: Space quantization as a fundamental imperative has been hidden in plain sight in lattice QCD work. Definition of elemental action A implies that sequences of numerous more microscopic events occur when photon arrival causes electron emission in the photoelectric effect, events completely hidden in a simplistic Feynman-type diagram vertex [10]. In this case, most of the actual physics has been hidden in plain sight in each Feynman diagram vertex. Consider that full quantization allowed definition of primary constants for the units of measurement [3] and removal of miracles required by Standard Model math [11]. The most fundamental, primary constants of physics have been hidden in plain sight in the units of measurement: mass, length and time. Likewise, attempts to model "all points" in archaic Standard Model math have hidden in plain sight the sub-set of points required for spatial quantization.
This story is just beginning. There is plenty more to discover. What else might be hidden in plain sight?
References
[1] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics" JBinMech July, 2010.
[2] Keene, J. J. "Physical interpretation of binary mechanical space" JBinMech February, 2011.
[3] Keene, J. J. "Binary mechanics FAQ" JBinMech August, 2018.
[4] Keene, J. J. "Proton and electron bit cycles" JBinMech April, 2015.
[5] Keene, J. J. "Strong operation disabled by inertia" JBinMech March, 2011.
[6] Keene, J. J. "Particle flux and motion" JBinMech May, 2018.
[7] Keene, J. J. "Dark matter and energy" JBinMech May, 2011.
[8] Keene, J. J. "Zero Kelvin particle states" JBinMech May, 2018.
[9] Keene, J. J. "Bit function analysis" JBinMech April, 2018.
[10] Keene, J. J. "Intrinsic proton spin derivation" JBinMech December, 2018.
[11] Keene, J. J. "Quantization asymmetry" JBinMech May, 2016.
© 2019 James J Keene